Brihaspati^{[1, 2, 3]}

• Name	Brihaspati
  Gender	Male
  Person ID	I373	Hindu Puran Genealogy Tree
  Last Modified	24 Dec 2012

  
  

  Father	Angiras
  Mother	Shubha
  Family ID	F159	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family 1	Tara, I
  Notes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraka
  Last Modified	12 Dec 2011
  Family ID	F160	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family 2	Mamata
  Notes	Brihaspati and Mamta were not married. Mamta was Brihaspati's sister in law and was forced to bore his children. http://www.apamnapat.com/entities/Mamata.html
  Children	+ 1. Bharadwaja   2. Kacha
  Last Modified	12 Dec 2011
  Family ID	F158	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

• Sources

  [S76] WIKI.Brihaspati, Wiki, (Wikipedia), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihaspati. Hindu deity "Brihaspathi" redirects here. For the Indian film, see Brihaspathi (film). Brihaspati Guru of the Devas God of Jupiter Member of Navagraha Depiction of Brihaspati from the 1842 book The Complete Hindoo Pantheon by E. A. Rodrigues Devanagari बृहस्पति Affiliation Deva, Navagraha Abode Svarga Planet Jupiter Mantra Om Brihaspataye Namaha Day Thursday Mount Elephant or chariot drawn by eight white horses Personal information Parents Angiras (father) Surupa (mother) Consort Tara [1] Children Bharadvaja, Kacha, Kesari (sons) Brihaspati (Sanskrit: बृहस्पति, IAST: Bṛhaspati), is a Hindu god. In the ancient Vedic scriptures of Hinduism, Brihaspati is a deity associated with fire, and the word also refers to a god who counsels the devas and devis (gods and goddesses).[2][3][4] In some later texts, the word refers to the largest planet of the solar system, Jupiter, and the deity is associated with the planet as a Navagraha.[2][5] Sage Brihaspati appears in the Rigveda (pre-1000 BCE), such as in the dedications to him in the hymn 50 of Book 4;[6] he is described as a sage born from the first great light, the one who drove away darkness, is bright and pure, and carries a special bow whose string is Rta or "cosmic order" (basis of dharma).[5][7] His knowledge and character is revered, and he is considered Guru (teacher) by all the Devas.[2] In the Vedic literature and other ancient texts, sage Brihaspati is also called by other names such as Bramanaspati, Purohita, Angirasa (son of Angiras) and Vyasa;[3] he is sometimes identified with god Agni (fire). His wife is Tara (or goddess who personifies the stars in the sky).[5] The reverence for sage Brihaspati endured through the medieval period, and one of the many Dharmasastras was named after him.[8][9][10] While the manuscripts of Brihaspati Smriti (Bṛhaspatismṛti) have not survived into the modern era, its verses were cited in other Indian texts. Scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of Bṛhaspatismriti.[11] Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this manner.[11] Brihaspati Smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than Manusmriti,[11] and the available evidence suggests that the discussion of the judicial process and jurisprudence in Brihaspati Smriti was often cited.[12][13] Brihaspati sutras Brihaspati sutras, also called the Barhaspatya sutras, is an ancient Sanskrit text named after its author Brihaspati, known for its theories of materialism and anti-theism.[14][15] Its tenets are at the foundation of the Charvaka school of non-orthodox Indian philosophy.[16][17] The Brihaspati Sutras manuscript has been lost to history or yet to be found.[18][16] However, the text is quoted in other Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts, and this secondary literature has been the source for reconstructing the Brihaspati sutras partially.[18][19] Some scholars suggest that Brihaspati sutras are named after Brihaspati in the Vedas, but other scholars dispute this theory because the text rejects the Vedas.[20] Planet Brihaspati as a planet (Jupiter) appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[21] These texts present Brihaspati as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[21] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[21] The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Brihaspati's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.[22] The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Brihaspati's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.[23][24] For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Brihaspati completes 364,220 revolutions every 4,320,000 earth years, an Epicycle of Apsis as 32 degrees, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 160 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta accepts the revolutions to be 364,220, but revises the apogee to 171 degrees and 16 seconds and the Epicycle slightly.[25] The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Brihaspati, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[26] Sanskrit texts: How many days Brihaspati (Jupiter) takes to complete an orbit: Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution[26] Surya Siddhanta 4,332 days, 7 hours, 41 minutes, 44.4 seconds Ptolemy 4,332 days, 18 hours, 9 minutes, 10.5 seconds Siddhanta Shiromani 4,332 days, 5 hours, 45 minutes, 43.7 seconds 20th century calculations 4,332 days, 14 hours, 2 minutes, 8.6 seconds In medieval mythologies particularly those associated with Hindu astrology, Brihaspati has a second meaning and refers to Jupiter.[5][2] It became the root of the word 'Brihaspativara' or Thursday in the Hindu calendar.[5] Brihaspati as Jupiter is part of the Navagraha in the Hindu zodiac system, considered auspicious and benevolent. The word "Thursday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to the planet Jupiter (god of sky and thunder).[27][28][29] Their zodiac signs being nearly identical. Worship Jyotisha is Hindu astrology, which entails concept of Nakshatra (see also List of Natchathara temples), Navagraha (see also List of Navagraha temples and Saptarishi included in the list of Hindu deities whose dedicated temples are found at various Hindu pilgrimage sites to which Hindus take pilgrimage yatra. One of the most famous temples of Brihaspati is situated in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu State.[30]) Iconography The icon of Brihaspati makes his body golden, with his legs striped blue and his head covered with a halo of moon and stars.[3] He holds different items depending on the region. In parts of South Asia he holds a container containing soma, sometimes with a tamed tiger.[3] Elsewhere, his icon carries a stick, a lotus and beads.[31][full citation needed] Brihaspati was married to Tara. In some medieval mythologies, Tara was abducted by Chandra with whom she bore a son, Budha (Mercury).[32] Dedicated day Thursday is considered to be the dedicated day for Brihaspati. According to Hindu mythology, praying to Brihaspati on Thursday provides astrological benefits.[33] See also Dyaus Pita Navagraha Nakshatra Jyotisha Jupiter (mythology) Zeus References ↑ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. ISBN 9780143414216. 1 2 3 4 James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. 1 2 3 4 Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3. ↑ Walter Slaje (2008). Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 157 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8. 1 2 3 4 5 Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6. ↑ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ४.५०, Wikisource (Sanskrit text of Rigveda) ↑ Hervey De Witt Griswold (1971). The Religion of the Ṛigveda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-81-208-0745-7. ↑ Robert Lingat 1973, p. 277. ↑ Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984, pp. 22. ↑ Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1985). The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-81-208-2664-9. 1 2 3 Robert Lingat 1973, p. 104. ↑ Patrick Olivelle 2006, p. 188. ↑ Robert Lingat 1973, pp. 14, 109–110, 180–189. ↑ Bhattacharya 2002. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: YaleUniversity (24 October 2014), Dwight H. Terry Lecture: "How Widespread Was Skepticism In Ancient India?", retrieved 4 October 2016 1 2 John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155–164 ↑ CV Vaidya (2001). Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Asian Educational Services. p. 503. ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9. Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..." 1 2 Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 227–249. ↑ Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–44, 65–74. ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2015). A. C. Grayling (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 114 with footnote 17. ISBN 978-1-119-97717-9. 1 2 3 Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. ↑ Lionel D. Barnett (1994). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. Asian Educational Services. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5. ↑ Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. ix–xi, xxix. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. ↑ J Fleet (1911). "Arbhatiya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 794–799. ↑ Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. 1 2 Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. ↑ Yukio Ohashi 1999, pp. 719–721. ↑ Pingree 1973, pp. 2–3. ↑ Erik Gregersen (2011). The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-61530-127-0. ↑ "Alangudi Guru Temple, Thanjavur|Timings, History & Images". ↑ Coleman, Charles. Mythology of the Hindus, p. 133 ↑ George Mason Williams (2003). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 91. ISBN 978-1576071069. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ↑ "Who is Dev Guru Brihaspati, Guru of all Hindu gods?". brihaspatidham.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020. Bibliography Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2011). Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata (Cultural, Historical and Textual Studies of Religions. Anthem. ISBN 978-0857284334. Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 30 (6): 597–640. doi:10.1023/A:1023569009490. S2CID 169948463. Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353. Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654. Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4. Bali, Saraswati (1978). Bṛhaspati in the Vedas and the Purāṇas. Delhi: Nag Publishers. Parpola, Asko (3 July 2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Klostermaier, Klaus (1 October 2014). A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2. Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984). Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system. Universal Law Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7534-206-4. Robert Lingat (1973). The Classical Law of India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01898-3. Patrick Olivelle (1999). Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7. Patrick Olivelle (2006). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1. External links Media related to Brihaspati at Wikimedia Commons This information is sourced from Wikipedia, the leading online open-content collaborative (crowd-sourced) encyclopedia. Wikipedia and/or TransLiteral Foundations can not guarantee the validaity of content above and can not be held responsible for inaccuracies or libelious information within. Please see Wikipedia General Disclaimer. [S75] WIKI.Dirghatamas, Wiki, (Wikipedia), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirghatamas. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Dirghatamas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hindu sage Fictional character Dirghatamas In-universe information Family Utathya (Father), Mamata (Mother), Brihaspati (uncle), Angiras (Grandfather) Spouse Pradveshi Children Gautama and others (Pradveshi), Kakshivan and eleven sons (Shudra servant woman) and Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra, Cumbha (Sudeshna), Odra Dirghatamas (Sanskrit: दीर्घतमस्, romanized: Dīrghatamas) was an ancient Indian sage well known for his philosophical verses in the Rigveda. He was the author of Suktas (hymns) 140 to 164 in the first mandala (section) of the Rigveda. Background Dirghatamas was one of the Angirasa rishis, the oldest of the rishi families, and regarded as brother to the rishi Bharadvaja, who is the seer of the sixth Mandala of the Rigveda. Dirghatamas is also the chief predecessor of the Gotama family of rishis that includes Kakshivan, Gautama Maharishi, Nodhas and Vamadeva (seer of the fourth Mandala of the Rigveda), who along with Dirghatamas account for almost 150 of the 1000 hymns of the Rigveda. Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra and Suhma, Ondra were also the sons of Dirghatamas through Bali’s wife Sudhesana. His own verses occur frequently in many Vedic texts, a few even in the Upanishads. He was the reputed purohita or chief priest of King Bharata (Aitareya Brahmana VIII.23), one of the earliest kings of the land, after whom India was named as Bharata (the traditional name of the country). Legend Background and birth Dīrghatama was son of Raṣṭra. Bhishma tells the narrative of the birth of Dirghatama in the Mahabharata (Book 1, Adi Parva, CIV):[1] "There was in olden days a wise rishi of the name of Utathya. He had a wife of the name Mamata whom he dearly loved. One day Utathya's younger brother Brihaspati, the priest of the celestials, endued with great energy, approached Mamata. The latter, however, told her husband's younger brother—that foremost of eloquent men—that she had conceived from her connection with his elder brother and that, therefore, he should not then seek for the consummation of his wishes. She continued, 'O illustrious Brihaspati, the child that I have conceived has studied in his mother's womb the Vedas with the six Angas, Seed is not lost in vain. How can then this womb of mine afford room for two children at a time? Therefore, it behoveth thee not to seek for the consummation of thy desire at such a time. Thus addressed by her, Brihaspati, though possessed of great wisdom, could not suppress his desire. The child in the womb protested, 'There is no space here for two. O illustrious one, the room is small. I have occupied it first. It behoveth thee not to afflict me.' But Brihaspati without listening to what that child in the womb said, sought the embraces of Mamata possessing the most beautiful pair of eyes. And the illustrious Brihaspati, beholding this, became indignant, and reproached Utathya's child and cursed him, saying, 'Because thou hast spoken to me in the way thou hast at a time of pleasure that is sought after by all creatures, perpetual darkness shall overtake thee.' And from this curse of the illustrious Brihaspati, Utathya's child who was equal unto Brihaspati in energy, was born blind and came to be called Dirghatamas (enveloped in perpetual darkness). And the wise Dirghatamas, possessed of a knowledge of the Vedas, though born blind, succeeded yet by virtue of his learning, in obtaining for a wife a young and handsome Brahmana maiden of the name of Pradveshi. And having married her, the illustrious Dirghatamas, for the expansion of Utathya's race, begat upon her several children with Gautama Dirghatamas as their eldest. Marriage and children Dirghatamas was troubled by a bad marriage, unvirtuous sons, and, ultimately, abandonment by other sages and the community. His children grew up to be covetous and they brought a bad name upon themselves and their father. Ultimately, the sages and students of Dirghatamas abandoned him, for having raised bad men. Dirgatamas, dejected and utterly alone, sought consolation from his wife, Pradveshi. He asked her whether she was also upset with him. She said she was. She said he was not a real husband, neither a protector (Pati) nor a supporter (Bhartri), and she had had to raise the children all alone. The hurt sage angrily proclaimed in reply that a woman should only marry once in life, regardless of whether her husband is alive or dead. Enraged, Pradveshi asked her sons to throw their father into the Ganga River. So Gautama and his brother tied Dirghatamas to a raft and threw him into the water. King Bali happened to be performing ritual ablutions in the holy river at the time, and saw the sage and rescued him. His life now saved, the sage asked King Bali what he could do in return. The king asked Dirghatamas to engage in niyoga so that Queen Sudeshna might be able to have children. Dirghatamas assented. The Queen sent the blind sage a woman of low birth instead, however, and with that woman Dirghatamas sired Kakshivan and ten more sons. Later, Dirghatamas came to learn that he had been deceived, but Bali ultimately prevailed upon Queen Sudeshna to sire by the sage six sons, bequeathing them their namesake kingdoms of Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra, Cumbha, and Odra. Significance Asya Vamasya Hymn Dirghatamas is famous for his paradoxical apothegms.[2] His mantras are enigmas: "He who knows the father below by what is above, and he who knows the father who is above by what is below is called the poet." The Asya Vamasya (Rigveda 1.164) is one of the sage's most famous poems. Early scholars (such as Deussen in his Philosophy of the Upanishads) tried to say that the poems of Dirghatamas were of a later nature because of their content, but this has no linguistic support which has been argued by modern Sanskrit scholars (such as Dr. C. Kunhan Raja in his translation of the Asya Vamasya Hymn). The reason that earlier Western scholars believed them to be of a later origin is due to the monist views found there. They believed that early Vedic religion was pantheistic and a monist view of god evolved later in the Upanishads - but the poems of Dirghatamas (1.164.46) which say "there is One Being (Ekam Sat) which is called by many names" proves this idea incorrect. Earliest mention of the Zodiac Some scholars have claimed that the Babylonians invented the zodiac of 360 degrees around 700 BCE, perhaps even earlier, as old as the Rigveda, the oldest Vedic text, there are clear references to a chakra or wheel of 360 spokes placed in the sky. The number 360 and its related numbers like 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 108, 432 and 720 occur commonly in Vedic symbolism. It is in the hymns of the rishi Dirghatamas (RV I.140 - 164) that we have the clearest such references. See also List of Indian philosophers Rigveda References ↑ Unbekannt (2016-08-18). The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa I. anboco. p. 336. ISBN 978-3-7364-1054-1. ↑ Gupta, Nolini Kanta. "Seer Poets", p.8 Gupta, Nolini Kanta. "Seer Poets". Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1970. Johnson, Willard (1976). "On the ṚG Vedic Riddle of the Two Birds in the Fig Tree (RV 1.164.20-22), and the Discovery of the Vedic Speculative Symposium". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 96 (2): 248–258. doi:10.2307/599827. JSTOR 599827. Mahābhārata, Book1, Adi Parva, CIV. R̥g-Veda, Sūktas 140 to 164. Raja, Dr. C. Kunhan. Asya Vāmasya Hymn, (printed 1956). Singh, Prof. Satya Prakash. Life and Vision of the Vedic Seers 2: Dirghatamas. Standard Publishers, New Delhi, 2006. Fórizs, László. Dirghatamas In Keréknyomok/Wheeltracks 2019/13: 148-181. Apāṁ Napāt, Dirghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar. Analysis of RV 1.143 In Vedic Investigations, edited by Asko Parpola, Masato Fujii and Stanley Insler, Volume 1, Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference, Motilal Banarsidass, 2016, pp. 97–126, in the homepage of Laszlo Forizs. This information is sourced from Wikipedia, the leading online open-content collaborative (crowd-sourced) encyclopedia. Wikipedia and/or TransLiteral Foundations can not guarantee the validaity of content above and can not be held responsible for inaccuracies or libelious information within. Please see Wikipedia General Disclaimer. [S116] TEXTS.MB.03.VANA, Vyasa, (Sacred Texts), http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/index.htm., TEXTS.MB.03.VANA.217 - TEXTS.MB.03.VANA.218.