Sahadeva^[1]

• Name	Sahadeva
  Gender	Male
  Ancient Hindu Kingdom	Kuru, Ancient Kingdoms, India
  Association	Ashwin Kumar - Dasra (Relationship: Father via Niyoga)
  Association	Shakuni (Relationship: Slain)
  Person ID	I133	Hindu Puran Genealogy Tree | Pandavas, Somavanshi
  Last Modified	13 Oct 2012

  
  

  Father	Pandu
  Mother	Madri
  Family ID	F53	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family 1	Draupadi
  Children	1. Srutasena
  Last Modified	30 Dec 2011
  Family ID	F196	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family 2	Vijaya
  Notes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadeva
  Children	1. Suhotra
  Last Modified	30 Dec 2011
  Family ID	F197	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

• Notes

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadeva

  
  

• Sources

  [S56] WIKI.Sahadeva, Wiki, (Wikipedia), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadeva. Character from Indian epic Mahabharata; 5th Pandava This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is written like a story. Please help rewrite this article to introduce an encyclopedic style and a neutral point of view. (January 2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sahadeva" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fictional character Sahadeva A print on Sahadeva by Raja Ravi Varma Press Personal Information Affiliation Pandavas Weapon Sword Family Parents Darsa (father) Madri (mother) Kunti (adoptive mother) Pandu (adoptive father) Brothers Nakula (twin brother) Karna Yudhishthira Bhima Arjuna (half brothers) Spouse Draupadi Vijaya[lower-alpha 1] Children Shrutasena by Draupadi Suhotra by Vijaya Relatives Dhritarashtra and Vidura (paternal uncles) Kauravas (paternal cousins) Shalya (maternal uncle) Sahadeva (Sanskrit: सहदेव, romanized: Sahadeva, lit. 'one with the gods') was the youngest of the five Pandava brothers in the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata. He, along with his twin brother Nakula, was born to Madri, one of the wives of the Pandava patriarch Pandu, after she invoked the Ashvini Kumaras, divine twin physicians, to beget her sons. Kunti, Sahadeva's stepmother, loved him the most despite his birth to Madri. Sahadeva is renowned for his wisdom, knowledge of astrology, and skill in swordsmanship. Sahadeva shared the common wife, Draupadi, with his four brothers. He was also married to Vijaya of Madra Kingdom. He had two sons Shrutasena and Suhotra from his two wives respectively. Sahadeva played a crucial role during the Rajasuya of Yudhishthira, where he conquered the kings of the South. After Yudhishthira lost all his possessions to Duryodhana in a dice game, the Pandavas and Draupadi were exiled for thirteen years. During the Pandavas' year of incognito exile, he disguised as a Vaishya named Tantripala, and worked as a cowherd in the kingdom of Virata. Sahadeva was a skilled warrior who fought in the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and their cousins Kauravas. On the 18th day of battle, he slayed the cunning Shakuni, who played as Duryodhana's proxy during the dice game. After the war, Yudhishthira appointed Sahadeva as the king of southern Madra. At the end of the epic, during the Pandavas' journey to the Himalayas to enter heaven, Sahadeva was the second to fall, following Draupadi, due to his excessive pride in his wisdom. Etymology The word sahadeva is derived from two Sanskrit words saha (सह) and deva (देव). Saha means ‘with’ and deva is a Hindu term used for ‘deity’.[1] So literally, Sahadeva means ‘with the gods’ or ‘protected by the gods’.[2][1] In southern India, he was regarded as a very accomplished astrologer, a face reader and all other forms of intuitive perception, but because of his secretive nature in revealing anything though full knowing the situation he is called "Sahadeva" colloquially.[3] In the epic, various epithets for Sahadeva has been used. Prominent ones are the patronymics—Āśvineya, Aśvinīsuta—and matronymics—Mādrīputra, Mādreya. Other important other names are Bharataśārdūla, Bharatasattama, Kauravya, Kurunandana, Nakulānuja, Pāṇḍava and Pāṇḍunandana.[4] Literary background The story of Sahadeva is told in the Mahabharata, one of the Sanskrit epics from the Indian subcontinent. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.[5] The Mahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the Bhagavad Gita which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.[6] The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a critical edition, relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, preserved at Kyoto University, Cambridge University and various Indian universities.[7] Sahadeva also appears in later Hindu scriptures like the Harivamsa—which is regarded as khila (supplement or appendix) of the Mahabharata—and Puranas like the Bhagavata Purana.[4] Birth and early years Sahadeva was one of the five brothers born to Pandu, a member of the illustrious Lunar dynasty lineage and the heir of the throne of Kuru. The collective name “Pandavas” originates from their father. However, Pandu was afflicted by a curse that would lead to his demise if he engaged in sexual relations with a woman. Consequently, Sahadeva and his brothers were born through a sacred mantra bestowed upon Pandu's first wife Kunti by the revered sage Durvasa during her maidenhood. Both of Pandu’s wives—Madri and Kunti—invoked different deities and were blessed with children.[4] According to the Adi Parva ('First Book') of the Mahabharata, upon Pandu's behest, Kunti had used her boon three times to invoke celestial gods and gave birth to her three children—Yudhishthira, Bhima and Arjuna. Upon hearing about Madri's desire to give birth to a son, Pandu requested Kunti to shared her boon to her. Madri, upon seeking divine assistance, invoked the twin celestial deities of health, the Asvins, and bore two sons—Nakula and Sahadeva—who were extolled to be unparalleled in earthly beauty. An ethereal voice proclaimed that these twins would surpass even the Asvins themselves in energy and allure. Despite invoking the gods only once, Madri obtained two remarkable sons. However, her co-wife, Kunti, fearing that Madri might surpass her in offspring, beseeched the king not to command her further, accepting this as her granted boon.[8][9] Sahadeva, along with his brothers, spent his childhood in the company of sages at Shatashriga mountain. However he was orphaned after Pandu, who had a curse inflicted upon him by Kindama, attempted to engage in love making with Madri, resulting in his demise. Following this, Madri entrusted her children to Kunti, and followed him to his death by performing the ancient practice of sati, immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. Kunti raised the twins alongside her own sons in Hastinapura, the capital of Kuru which was being ruled under Pandu's elder brother Dhritarashtra. Despite Sahadeva not being her biological offspring, Kunti held a special affection for him, making him her favorite among the Pandavas.[10][4] Sahadeva and Nakula were instructed in the gurukula for by Kripa and Drona in warfare and use of weapons such as bow and arrows and martial art.[4] He also mastered his skills in fencing and axe fighting. At the end, Sahadeva alone also acquired the knowledge of Neeti Sastra (Essence of Statesmanship), astronomy and astrology, economics, and civil administration from Brihaspati, guru of the Devas during a two years travel through southern India.[citation needed] After completing their training, the Pandavas defeated Drupada, King of Panchala, as a gurudakshina for Drona. Notably, Sahadeva along with Nakula protected the wheels of Arjuna's chariot during this endeavor. Later, Duryodhana—the eldest son of Dhritarashtra and leader of hundred Kaurava brothers—plotted to burn the Pandavas alive by constructing Lakshagriha, a lac palace, in Varanavata. Fortunately, with the aid of their wise uncle Vidura, the Pandavas escaped through a secret tunnel.[4] Marriage and children In the Mahabharata, Sahadeva had two wives—Draupadi, the princess of Panchala who was also married to his four brothers as well, and Vijaya, the princess of Madra. Details of their marriage is provided in the Adi Parva.[8][4] Following the events at Lakshagriha, Sahadeva, accompanied by his mother and brothers, made the decision to conceal themselves from Hastinapura. During this period, Arjuna received information that Drupada, the ruler of Panchala, was organizing an archery tournament to determine the suitor for his daughter's hand in marriage and disguised as a Brahmin, emerged victorious in the tournament. The Pandavas hastened home to share the news of his achievement with his mother. In his excitement, he exclaimed, "Look what we have found!" Kunti, his mother, insisted that this newfound fortune be shared with his brothers, as they had always collectively faced life's challenges in the past. This misunderstanding, coupled with the protocol that the eldest brother, Yudhishthira, should marry first, led to a unique arrangement: all five brothers would wed Draupadi. This instance stands as a rare example of polyandry within Sanskrit literature . The brothers collectively agreed that Draupadi would become the wife of each Pandava for one year and none would intrude upon Draupadi's privacy when she was alone with any of them. The penalty for violating this pact was a year of exile during which the offender must maintain celibacy. Sahadeva was the fourth in line as Arjuna had broken the treaty, resulting in latter's exile. Shrutasena was born to Sahadeva and Draupadi.[4] Sahadeva later also married Vijaya, the daughter of his maternal uncle Dyutimata of Madra, in a self-choice ceremony organised in Madra. She who bore him one son, Suhotra.[4][11] The Harivamsa, the appendix of the Mahabharata, adds Bhanumati, the granddaughter of the avatar Krishna, as another wife of Sahadeva. According to the story narrated in the Vishnu Parva of the text, she was the daughter of the Yadava leader Bhanu, son of Krishna and Satyabhama. The Yadavas held a festival when Krishna traveled to the sacred palace known as Pindaraka with his entourage of Yadavas. Bhanumati was taken away by a demon known as Nikumbha at the event. This resulted from a curse placed on Bhanumati by Durvasa, whom Bhanumati had formerly disregarded during their meeting in Raivata's garden. After the curse, Durvasa had comforted her by telling her that she will be rescued. It is true that Bhanumati was rescued by the combined effort of Krishna, Arjuna and Pradyumna and wed Sahadeva on the suggestion of the divine-sage Narada.[12] Conquest and Rajasuya Yajna News of their survival and alliance with Draupadi reached Hastinapura, leading to mixed reactions among the Kuru elders and princes. King Dhritarashtra, influenced by the wise counsel of Vidura, Bhishma, and Drona, acknowledged the Pandavas’ right to the throne and decided to share the kingdom to avoid conflict. The Pandavas were invited back to Hastinapura and were warmly received by the citizens. However, to prevent further discord, Dhritarashtra suggested that the Pandavas establish their domain in Khandavaprastha, a barren land. The Pandavas accepted the proposal and transformed Khandavaprastha into the magnificent city of Indraprastha, which became a thriving center of culture and commerce. Sahadeva was sent south by the eldest Pandava, Yudhishthira, to subjugate kingdoms for the Rajasuya sacrifice, after being crowned as the emperor of Indraprastha. He was specifically chosen for the southern campaign because of his expertise with the sword, and because Bhishma opined that Southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general. A verse in the scriptures also mention that Sahadeva before his invasion south of Indraprastha, had forced tribute from Antioch, Rome and the City of the Greeks. His twin brother Nakula is said to have conquered the Huns along with Chinese to give tribute at the Rajasuya Yajna.[13] The brothers including Sahadeva went for out in four directions for subjugating other kingdoms and rulers and collected huge bounties which enriched the treasury of Indraprastha Kingdom immensely.[14] The Mahabharata mentions several kingdoms to the south of Indraprastha which were conquered by Sahadeva. Some of them are as under:[15] Surasenas Pandyan Dynasty Matsya, the king Dantavakra, kings Sukumara, Sumitra, other Matsyas and Patacharas. Kings of Lanka who claimed to be descendants of Vibhishana, the king of Lanka and brother of Ravana. He offered him diverse kinds of jewels and gems, sandalwood, celestial ornaments, costly apparel and valuable pearls. At Kishkindha, the monkey-kings Mainda and Dvivida were defeated in a 7-day war. City of Mahishmati, which was ruled by King Nila. Since the kingdom had the blessings of Agni, a huge fire obstructed the army when Sahadeva tried to invade; later prayer to Agni enabled Sahadeva to complete the conquest. King Rukmi of Vidarbha and territories of Bhojakata Nishadas, the hill of Gosringa and King Sreenimath. Navarashtra, under King Kunti-Bhoja King Jamvaka, on the banks of the river Charmanvati. Territories lying on the banks of the Venwa. Kingdoms that lay on the banks of the Narmada. Avanti, kings called Vinda and Anuvinda, a town of Bhojakata King of Kosala King of Tripura King of Saurashtra Surparaka kingdom, Talakatas and Dandakas Mlechchha tribe living on the sea coast, Nishadas, the cannibals, Karnapravarnas, and the Kalamukhas (a cross between human beings and Rakshasas) and the whole area of the Cole mountains. Surabhipatna and the island called the Copper island, and a mountain called Ramaka. The town of Timingila and a wild tribe is known by the name of the Kerakas who were men with one leg. The town of Sanjayanti, countries of the Pashandas, Karahatakas, Paundrayas, Dravidas, Udrakeralas, Andhras, Talavanas, Kalingas and Ushtrakarnikas, Sekas and Yavanas Paurava kingdom The venue and other aspects related to the conduct of the Rajasuya Yajna was elaborately done under the stewardship of Bhishma. He ordained that the person who deserves the honour of the first sacred arghya of the Yagnya would be Krishna who commands the qualities of a Brahma and Kshatra, of a rishi, a yogi and a king. He immediately signalled to Sahadeva to begin the proceedings by washing the feet of Krishna as the first recipient to receive sacred arghya, in form of the water of the Sarasvati. Sahadeva was too happy to perform this task. He went to Krishna, placed his feet lovingly in a flat vessel and poured the holy water of the Saraswati river mixed with five sacred herbs on Krishna's feet, he then touched his feet to his forehead and proceeded to dry them with a towel. After drying he proceed to apply sandal paste to them and to venerate him with a form of worship offered to the first among equals in a yajna.[14][peacock prose] Exile Following Yudhishthira's loss in the game of dice meant that all Pandavas including Draupadi had to live in exile for 13 years with last year in Agnatavas (incognito).[16] p. 214[broken footnote] As the Pandavas departed Hastinapura, the entire populace of the city had lined along the streets in grief. Sahadeva had then smeared his face with mud thinking "none should recognise me in this hour of calamity". Nakula covered himself with ashes. Arjuna scattered sands to symbolize the countless arrows he would let loose in battle, Bhima walked with his hands outstretched to indicate to people that no one could equal him, and Yudhishthira had covered his face. Kunti had appealed to Draupadi to take care of her son Sahadeva as he holds a special place in her heart; Draupadi had left Hastinapura along with the Pandavas wearing a single safron cloth with her hair disheveled.[16] p. 214[broken footnote][peacock prose][relevant?] During their exile, travelling on pilgrimage from place to place, Sahadeva and his brothers were living at Vadarika (also known to be Badarikasrama). A rakshasa named Jatasura was also living amidst them in disguise of a learned Brahmin, and enjoying their hospitality. Suddenly, when Bhima was away from the camp on a hunting trip, Jatasura assumed the form of a demonic rakshasa and forcibly abducted Yudhishthira, Nakula, Sahadeva, and Draupadi, with the objective of seizing their weapons. Sahadeva somehow extricated himself from the clutches of Jatasura and attacked him with his sword, and at the same time calling out to Bhima for help. Jatasura also counter attacked Sahadeva. A long fight ensued between them, and Sahadeva initially felled Jatasura to the ground. Sahadeva had then thrown his axe at him but Jatasura rose up and gave a hard slap to Sahadeva and threw him to the ground; Yudhisthira, Nakula and Draupadi were distressed and told Jatasura that his death was near. Sahadeva and Jatasura continued the fight by uprooting trees and throwing them at each other, and at one stage, Sahadeva by throwing his axe had cut off the Jata or hair tuft by which the rakshasa was known as Jatasura, which infuriated him further. The rakshasa then, with magical powers, as a mayavi, had assumed immense proportions and relentlessley attacked and injured Sahadeva. But then Bhima appeared on the scene eventually, and challenged Jatasura, asking his brothers to keep away. In a very fierce fight, Bhima hit Jatasura's head with his mace and slayed him. Sahadeva and his brother Nakula with their brothers Bhima and Yudhishthira then trekked to a nearby lake, which was surrounded by a herbal forest, where they nursed their wounds.[17][18] In the 13th year, Pandavas collectively decided that the Virata Kingdom of king Virata would be an ideal place for them to hide in disguise. The day after Draupadi's entrance into Virata's palace as Sairandhri, 'an expert maid', in the name of Malini, employed by Queen Shudeshna, Sahadeva made his way into the city dressed as a cowherd. He arrived at one cow posture in the region of Virata's palace. The king happened to be visiting his herd and was present when he saw a handsome well built man clad in a cowherd's dress, and speaking the dialects of the cowherds. Beholding him the king was struck with amazement. He asked Sahadeva, "To whom dost though belong" and whence though come; What work dost though seek: I have never seen thee before." Sahadeva replied saying that he was a Vaisya, Arishtinemi by name, and was earlier in the employment of Kuru King Yudhishthira, the eldest of the five sons of Pandu and had tended to eight hundred thousand cattle and that people used to call him 'Tatripala' (Pandavas however called him Jayadbala), and that he knew the present, the past and the future of all kine (cows) living within ten yojanas (12–15 kilometres (7.5–9.3 mi)). He also told the king the means by which kine population could be multiplied in a short time, and that he liked the work of taming, milking and breeding cattle. Impressed with the resume narrated by Sahadeva, King Virata employed him in his palace as the chief cowherd who supervised the maintenance and upkeep of all cows in his kingdom, while his elder brothers assumed different roles in disguise to work in Virata's court. Yudhishthira assumed the identity of game entertainer to the king and called himself Kanka, Bhima was the cook Ballava, Arjuna taught dance and music as eunuch Brihannala and dressed as a woman, and Nakula tended horses as Granthika.[relevant?] In Virata's kingdom, the Pandavas in disguise had a very hilarious but entertaining time but also a mini war erupted when Duryodhana was trying to locate them so that he could send them back to exile again, which ultimately revealed their identity at the end of the Agnyatavasa period of one year.[19] p. 606.[broken footnote] With the all powerful brother-in-law of King Virata, Kichaka's death at the hands of Bhima due to his lascivious behaviour towards Sairanadri (Draupadi), Virata was weakened. Then scenting that Pandavas were hiding in the Virata's court, Susharma, King of Trigatas and the Kauravas invaded Matsya Kingdom successively, not only captured Virata but also robbed him of his immense cattle wealth. Virata, with the help of the four Pandavas in his employment, Yudhisthira, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva defeated Susharma and freed King Virata. Meanwhile, the Kurus in cohets with Susharma, robbed Virata's kingdom of sixty thousand cattle. However, they were defeated by Arjuna, with Prince Uttara, son of Virata as a charioteer. The Kurus, including Karna, were humiliated and returned the cattle to Virata and went back to Hastinapura. It was also the last day of the one year agnyatavasa of the Pandavas, and when they revealed their true identity to King Virata and Kauravas.[19] Kurukshetra War In the great Kurukshetra War, Sahadeva played an important role from the Pandava alliance against their cousins Kauravas. The chariot flag of Sahadeva displayed a silver swan. He sounded his conch, named Manipushpaka, to signal the war's commencement, and wielded a bow called Ashwina throughout the battle.[4] In the narrative of the battle, Sahadeva's actions recorded in the Bhishma Parva, Drona Parva, Karna Parva and Shalya Parva are as follows:[4][lower-alpha 2] He initiated a duel with Durmukha (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 45, Verse 25). He emerged victorious over Vikarna, Shalya, and other warriors (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 71, Verse 83). He led to the destruction of the Kauravas' cavalry (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 89, Verse 32). He made a strategic withdrawal from the battlefield (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 105, Verse 16). He engaged in a duel with Kripacharya (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 110, Verse 12). He fought against Shakuni (Drona Parva, Chapter 14, Verse 22). He clashed once more with Durmukha (Drona Parva, Chapter 106, Verse 13). He was responsible for the death of Nirmitra, the Trigarta prince (Drona Parva, Chapter 107, Verse 25). He was defeated in combat by Karna (Drona Parva, Chapter 167, Verse 15). He achieved victory over Dushasana (Drona Parva, Chapter 188, Verse 2). He intervened in the altercation between Satyaki and Dhrishtadyumna (Drona Parva, Chapter 198, Verse 53). He killed Paundraja (Karna Parva, Chapter 22, Verse 14). He once again defeated Dushasana (Karna Parva, Chapter 23). He sustained injuries during a skirmish with Duryodhana (Karṇa Parva, Chapter 56, Verse 7). He was victorious over Uluka (Karna Parva, Chapter 61, Verse 43). He killed Shalya’s son (Shalya Parva, Chapter 11, Verse 43). He slayed Uluka, son of Shakuni (Shalya Parva, Chapter 28, Verse 32). He ultimately killed Shakuni, fulfilling his vow made after the dice game.(Shalya Parva, Chapter 28, Verse 46). Later life and death After the war, Yudhishthira appointed Nakula as king of Northern and Sahadeva as the Kings of southern Madra. Suhotra, son of Sahadeva from his wife Vijaya, would eventually be crowned as the heir to the Madra Kingdom.[citation needed] Upon the onset of the Kali Yuga and the departure of Krishna, the Pandavas retired. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas seeking heaven. Except for Yudhishthira, all of the Pandavas grew weak and died before reaching heaven. Sahadeva was the second one to fall after Draupadi. When Bhima asked Yudhishthira why Sahadeva fell, Yudhishthira replied that Sahadeva took much pride in his wisdom.[20] Associated temples Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple is one of the five ancient shrines in the Kottayam-Alappuzha-Pathanamthitta area of Kerala, connected with the legend of Mahabharata, where the five Pandavas are believed to have built one temple each. This temple has in it the Vishnu image consecrated by Sahadeva. It is one of the 108 Divya Desam temples dedicated to Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, who is worshipped as Mahavishnu.[21][broken footnote][22][broken footnote] In the media In Mahabharat (1988 TV series), Sanjeev Chitre acted as Sahadeva [citation needed] In 2013 version of the Mahabharata, Sahadeva was portrayed by Lavanya Bhardwaj [citation needed] In the TV show Suryaputra Karn, Suchit Vikram Singh acted as Sahadeva [citation needed] In Radhakrishn (2018–) tv show, Sahadeva was portrayed by Vikas Singh [citation needed] Notes ↑ Though not attested in the Mahabharata, the text Harivamsa adds Bhanumati—a princess from the Yadava clan—as one of the wives of Sahadeva ↑ The following is based on the Southern Recension of the Mahabharata References 1 2 Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1872). A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages. Clarendon Press. ↑ Gandhi, Maneka (2004). The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Boys. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-303168-0. ↑ Pattanaik, Devadutt (2010). Jaya- An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharta. Penguin Books. p. Not printed. ISBN 9788184751697. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 663. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ↑ Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. Brill Academic. p. 26. ISBN 978-9-00410-260-6. ↑ Minor, Robert N. (1982). Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary. South Asia Books. pp. l–li. ISBN 978-0-8364-0862-1. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ↑ McGrath, Kevin (2004). The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata. Brill Academic. pp. 19–26. ISBN 978-9-00413-729-5. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2020. 1 2 "SECTION XCV (Sambhava Parva continued)". Sacred-Texts.com. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXIV". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 30 March 2024. ↑ Fang, Liaw Yock (2013). A History of Classical Malay Literature. Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 978-981-4459-88-4. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV". Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. ↑ Mani 1975, p. 116. ↑ Hitebeitel, Alf (2001). Rethinking the Mahabharata. University of Chicago Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780226340548. Retrieved 11 January 2023. 1 2 Wheeler, J. Talboys (1937). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Vedic period and the Mahábharata, Volume 1. John Childs and Son, London. ↑ "Mahabharata Text Section XXX". Sacred Text.com. 1 2 Dharma, Krishna (2020). Krishnadharma's Mahbaharat. Simon & Schuster. p. 810. ISBN 9781683839200. ↑ "Mahabharata Text". Sacred Text.com. ↑ Gupta, Rashmi (2010). Tibetans in exile : struggle for human rights. New Delhi: Anamika Publishers & Distributors. p. 625. ISBN 9788179752487. 1 2 Debroy, Bibek (2015). Mahabharata Volume 4 (Section 44 to 59). Penguin UK. p. 812 (149). ISBN 9788184755343. ↑ "Mahaprasthanika-parva Section 2". Sacred Texts.com. ↑ Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008, pp. 44–45 ↑ Rao 2012, pp. 17–20 This information is sourced from Wikipedia, the leading online open-content collaborative (crowd-sourced) encyclopedia. Wikipedia and/or TransLiteral Foundations can not guarantee the validaity of content above and can not be held responsible for inaccuracies or libelious information within. Please see Wikipedia General Disclaimer.